Each of the clues leads to a particular slime or colloid, which can be identified. The four substances are MAYONNAISE, ECTOPLASM, QUICKSAND, and FLUBBER.
The numbers can be used as indexes into the substances and then read in the direction of the arrows. For example, the first diamond takes the fifth, fourth, and sixth letters of MAYONNAISE, followed by N, which gives NONN.
Using this method for all four of the clues gives the answer NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID, which is a descriptor for each of the materials featured in the puzzle.