Each of the clues refers to a very long word, generally one specifically coined to be long. Indexing into these words by the numbers following their clues spells out shorter words. The long words and their shorter counterparts are as follows:
- otorhinolaryngological (INHALING)
- Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch (TINY)
- supercalifragilisticexpialidocious (PARTICLES)
- pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (MAY)
- floccinaucinihilipilification (INFLICT)
- honorificabilitudinitatibus (THIS)
- antidisestablishmentarianism (DISEASE)
Reading the shorter words in order gives the clue phrase INHALING TINY PARTICLES MAY INFLICT THIS DISEASE. Following the pattern established previously, this is a clue for PNEUMONOULTRAMICROSCOPICSILICOVOLCANOCONIOSIS. Indexing into this word by the numbers at the bottom spells out the final answer, SILICON.